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The Black Panthers clashed with police because of their militant rhetoric, or public language, and their insistence on their legal right to carry firearms.

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Rhetoric means language that is meant to persuade others. The Black Panthers were doing speeches and gathering support using rhetoric (speeches, demonstrations) to persuade people to carry guns or fight back against inequality, injustice or violent behavior against African Americans. They differed from other groups trying to gain equal rights for African American's during that period because they believed they should meet violence with violence to get their goals. This is a "militaristic" approach, so their rhetoric calling for those kinds of things (fighting back) would be considered "militaristic rhetoric."

In contrast, other groups, notably those led by the NAACP or represented by Reverend Martin Luther King also wanted equal rights for African Americans but pursued them using non-violent methods or "peaceful protests."